Dystopian Fiction During the Cold War - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1918 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Cold War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Richard M. Nixon once said, The Cold War isnt thawing; it is burning with a deadly heat. Communism isnt sleeping; it is, as always, plotting, scheming, working, fighting. The Cold War was a period of high tensions that lasted from 1947 to 1991. The two sides of the conflict were the Soviet Union and its allies (supporters of communism) and the United States and its allies (supporters of democracy). Each side of the Cold War aimed at spreading their ideologies to the rest of the world. The Soviet Union wanted to spread communism, while America wanted to spread democracy. This war was very different from previous wars, however, as it was not fought with actual warfare. Instead, the Cold War was fought via an arms race, the Space Race, and propaganda. In these ways, the Cold War dominated every aspect of society. In other words, it was a total war. In this total war, everything in America became about the war, from the treatment of suspected communists to entertainment. Many people were accused of being communists, and even though they were falsely accused, it greatly affected their lives. The movies that came out during the Cold War were almost strictly anti-communist propaganda. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Dystopian Fiction During the Cold War" essay for you Create order In addition to movies, literature also represented American society during this time. The specific genre of literature that became highly popularized during the Cold War was dystopian fiction. This genre played off of the fears present in many people at that time. Three novels that came from this genre were 1984 by George Orwell, Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, and Cats Cradle by Kurt Vonnegut. Each of these novels took a different perspective on a similar topic: fear and its impact on society. Impacts of the Cold War on Society The war against communism had a massive impact on Western society. During the Cold War, everything in America was about the war. This high involvement of society had numerous effects on America. During the Cold War, the lack of trust among citizens was extremely high. This was due to the fear of communism taking over. This fear was perpetuated by the Domino Theorythe idea that a communist government in one nation would quickly lead to communist takeovers in neighboring states, each falling like a perfectly aligned row of dominos. It caused everyone to be suspicious of nearly everyone else. Propaganda was one major ploy used to fight the Cold War and, furthermore, the ideology of communism in general. One major form of propaganda was modernism. Modernism is essentially a partition from tradition. During the Cold War, broad segments of the American culture and political establishmentincluding the federal government itselftentatively welcomed modernism, finding it an effective propaganda weapon. Modernism was used to shape the worlds view of democracy, but it also shaped America. Although the tactic was originally used to subtly attack communism, it also changed the culture of an entire nation. The prevalence of anti-communist propaganda during the Cold War reached even into American entertainment. One example of this was found in the cinema. Many critics see motion pictures from the Cold War era as allegories that offer disguised comment on American politics in the 1950sthat is, the threat of domestic communism. The majority of movies being released during this time period were about exactly thatthe threat of communism on America. Another example of the impact of the Cold War on so ciety is found in literature. Similar to the cinema, the fear of communism found its way into many authors literary works. In fact, a relatively new literary genre was popularized due to the Cold Wardystopian fiction. Dystopian fiction is said to have been first introduced in 1921 with the writing of We by Yevgeny Zamyatin. We greatly impacted dystopian fiction and how we know it today. This novel introduced the idea of a future with an oppressive government and suppressed individuality. Many more dystopian fiction novels followed We, especially during the Cold War. Three of these novels were 1984, Cats Cradle, and Fahrenheit 451. 1984 by George Orwell 1984 by George Orwell was published in 1939. While the novel isnt from the Cold War era, it did come from a place of fear of the future, as it was published shortly before World War II. These fears that were present before World War II are parallel to those present during the Cold War. 1984 is about a not-so-distant future in which the world is a drastically different place. It follows Winston Smith, who constantly deals with a society in which individuality is not only frowned upon, but prohibited by the government, also called Big Brother. Big Brother is constantly watching and controlling every aspect of society. They even create a new form of English that eliminates peoples way to present independent thoughts. Throughout the story, Winston desperately searches for a way to retain his individuality. To do this, he begins keeping a diary and starts a secret romance with Julia. Both characters are strongly against Big Brother. In the end, they are caught and taken to the Ministry of Love, a prison. Winston and Julia are each tortured and eventually give up their humanity by betraying each other. 1984 contains many aspects similar to We, which means that it fits in the dystopian fiction genre. One example is the oppressive government. Big Brother controls every aspect of everyday life and watches everything. They create the language by which people communicate, decide the beliefs held by the population, and use entertainment to surveill citizens. Additionally, in 1984, there is no artistic expression in any form. Simply writing in a diary, which is what Winston did, is a terrible crime. Lastly, in the society created by Orwell, self-expression and individuality are restricted. Winstons diary was in defiance with this, as he used it to reflect on life and question the government. George Orwell wrote 1984 just before the outbreak of World War II. This time was filled with fear of the coming war and people who were constantly full of suspicion. Even though this book was written prior to the Cold War, it very accurately represents how people felt during that time. Orwell wrote, If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face forever. This is similar to how Americans felt about communism. They believed that the level of sameness involved in communism would stomp out their individuality. Cats Cradle by Kurt Vonnegut Cats Cradle was written in 1963 by Kurt Vonnegut. This novel is essentially a satire about the arms race during the Cold War. The story is narrated by Jonah, or John. He sets out to write a story following prominent people in America at the time of the atomic bomb explosion. In doing this, he comes into contact with the children of one of the co-creators of the atomic bomb. Throughout his journey, he comes into contact with new religions, new governments, and new forms of technology. The end of the novel shows the new theme to be about human stupidity. Many themes are explored throughout Cats Cradle, such as technology and religion. Technology is discussed at great lengths for the whole of the story. According to the story, science was originally meant to help humanity. However, when scientists discovered the technology and had the ability to save human lives, they used it to take life instead. This technology is the atomic bomb. The novel also discusses religion, and, specifically, the failures of religion. Christianity and its message is essentially ignored by humanity. Instead, the religion is distorted so that it is aligned with the military and evil. The religion that takes the place of Christianity is called Bokononism. Bokononism is a mockery of religion in general. Its purpose is to focus on people rather than a deity.The leader is candid about creating a religion filled with lies. In fact, the rules of Bokononism change daily. When he is unable to come up with something new, he suggests suicide. Cats Cradle is very direct in its relation to the Cold War. While the other two examples focus on fear, this book focuses on the literal byproducts of the Cold Warthe effects of the atomic bomb and the arms race. It shows that the fears of the time period werent completely unfounded. Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury Set hundreds of years from now, Fahrenheit 451 is a novel about a future where books are illegal. Guy Montag, a fireman, is the main character. However, in this alternate future, firemen are responsible for burning the homes of anyone caught hiding books. Montag is married to a woman who is completely immersed in and addicted to interactive television, among other things. When he meets Clarisse, who is the complete opposite of most people in their society, he starts questioning his life. This eventually leads him to take a book that he is supposed to be burning. He comes to the realization that, There must be something in books, something we cant imagine, to make a woman stay in a burning house; there must be something there. You dont stay for nothing. Later, Montags captain, Beatty, visits him in his home after he doesnt go to work. Captain Beatty reinforces the idea that reducing individuality is imperative to society, and books encourage individuality. After reading and discussing books with new friends, Montag becomes appalled by the ignorance in his society and in his own home. When Montag is eventually forced to destroy his books, he decides to kill Beatty and run. At the end of the story, Montag meets a group whose goal is to one day recreate literature from memory so that books are freely available. Many themes are explored in Fahrenheit 451, some of which are technology, censorship, and government. Technology is the main antagonist in this story. Its main purpose is to take the place of individuality, free thought, and free expression. It also aims at taking away real communication and relationships. We see this in the preoccupation with things like the interactive television. Another theme in Fahrenheit 451 is censorship. This is an obvious and very straightforward theme. The government essentially got rid of literature and replaced it with entertainment of their creation in an attempt to censor what ideas entered the population. This leads directly into the theme of government control. Everything was ordered and directed by the government, even the material shown on television. This complete control allowed them to prevent any new or extreme ideas from circulating. All of these themes strongly reflect the culture and society during the Cold War. Fahrenheit 451 represents American society during the Cold War in many ways. The first issue during that time period was censorship in the Soviet Union and other communist countries. Books that were anti-communist were burned, similar to in Fahrenheit 451. Though the majority of censorship did not take place in America, there was still fear. This fear was that censorship in one country would eventually lead to mass censorship, or, as mentioned earlier, the Domino Theory. Another issue was government. In fact, the tensions of the Cold War were due to different ideologies about government. The fear of the governmentwhether of communism or capitalismwas very similar to the fear in the novel. Conclusion In America, every aspect of society reflected what was going on in the Cold War, including social interactions and entertainment, such as movies and literature. The specific genre of literature that became widely popular, dystopian fiction, contained many books that displayed the fears of many Americans. Overall, the Cold War was a time of high suspicion and tension worldwide.

A Brief Note On Atherosclerosis And Cardiovascular System

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION: Atherosclerosis Cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels and the blood inside them. It’s responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrition and waste products throughout the body. The heart is the circulatory pump that transports blood to the entire body. Cardiovascular system has two circulations: systemic and the pulmonary circulations. Pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood between the heart and lungs. Pulmonary circulation starts when the deoxygenated blood enters through superior and the inferior vena cava to the right atrium. The blood passes though Tricuspid valve to the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary artery. Pulmonary track splits into right and left pulmonary arteries that go to each lung and blood gets oxygenated. The oxygenated blood comes back through pulmonary veins to the left atrium. Systemic circulation starts when the blood enters the left atrium. Systemic circulation is the blood flow between the heart and the rest of the body. The left atrium pumps the blood through mitral valve into the left ventricle. Then the blood passes the aortic valve and enters aorta. Aorta is the largest blood vessel in the body. Aorta branches into major arteries to supply the upper part of the body and then it branches into arteries and supplies the lower part of the body. The arte ries branch into smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. Oxygen diffuses in the capillaries and deoxygenated bloodShow MoreRelatedThe Cardiovascular System Of Atherosclerosis3729 Words   |  15 Pages The cardiovascular system is composed of thousands of tubes, known as blood vessels that blood travels in. Blood is constantly being pumped to and from the heart through arteries and veins, respectively. Oxygen, nutrients, water, wastes are just some of the substances moving throughout the body via the blood vessels. 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Acute inflammation has two major components: Vascular events The 2 major vascular changes are: (1) Alterations in vascular caliber that lead to an increaseRead MorePathogram: Chronic Respiratory Failure Essays7624 Words   |  31 PagesCare |Assessment |Medical/Nursing Diagnoses |Treatment | |Brief review of the patient |Medical Diagnoses: |Therapeutic Modalities | |Age: 86 years old Read Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 Pages locomotor skills, and manipulative skills †¢ Perceptual–Motor Skills and Move ­ ment Concepts, which focus on body awareness, spatial awareness, and directional awareness †¢ Active Physical Play, which addresses active participation, cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and flexibility The competencies covered by the physical development domain center on what preschool children do much of the day. This area of development describes many avenues for young

Allerca cat Free Essays

Creates truly unique products—the world’s first scientifically proven hypoallergenic cats. Genetically engineered, the medium sized ALLERCA GD cat weighs 10-15 pounds and is fully mature at age three. According to ALLERCA, the cats have long life expectancies and possess sweet and affectionate dispositions. We will write a custom essay sample on Allerca cat or any similar topic only for you Order Now For a price of about $3,000, you receive a 12-week-old kitten, complete with all shots and vaccinations, an embedded microchip identifier implant, and a one-year guarantee. Customers purchase kittens over the Internet and must pay approximately $1,000 for processing and transportation. The high shipping cost occurs because commercial air shipping is stressful to the animal; therefore, the kitten travels in a specialized private jet courier. According to ALLERCA, the current wait time for the ALLERCA GD kitten is approximately two years. Potential buyers may reduce their wait times to just a few months by paying $2,000 for one of the few kittens in the Premium Placement Program. This product is sold over the Internet. How can ALLERCA use Internet advertising technologies to reach its target market? (Visit the Internet Advertising Bureau at www. iab. net to learn about recent technologies. ). What might be the main objectives of advertising and pubic relations for ALLERCA and what factors will affect ALLERCA’s decision about its advertising and PR budgets? In addition to Internet marketing, what other advertising media and PR tools would you choose for promoting ALLERCA and its unique products? It is very important to identify the target market. The Allerca GD cats have a lot of benefits for the users including:- 1. They do not cause allergy as induced by other cats 2. They could be beneficial to individuals with health problems such as asthma, psoriasis, skin rashes, etc, and who love cats. Such individuals who may be advised by the doctor not to keep cats in their homes may now do so without any health concerns 3. The life expectancy of such cats are longer 4. these cats are sweet and affectionate compared the generic ones 5. It is easier to identify these cats as they have a microchip embedded beneath their skin 6. The cats are free of disease and infections as they are vaccinated 7. The cats can be purchased over the internet and hence the customer does not have any hassle of going to the buyer and purchasing the cat 8. the Customer gets a guarantee that the cat is genetically modified and has the characteristics claimed to be possessed 9. The animal is given the best treatment as it is not transported by road or air cargo 10. The customer would get the cat earlier if needed a nominal amount is paid The internet strategy of reaching the target audience forms an important part of marketing in order to be successful. The first important step would be to identify the target market. Invariable the organization should involve this in their marketing plan. IF an individual who suffers from a medical condition such as asthma, and is also a feline-lover, he would be searching the electronic media (including radio, TV and the internet) of ways in which he could fulfill his desires. Hence, it important to the organization to identify the exact media that potential customers would be looking in so as to obtain the cats. Any ads placed by the company would be effective only if they reach the customers and match their interests. The company should also be aware that for any advertisement it would be placing in the media, a greater percentage of people would be noticing the ad but not responding to it. Hence, it is very important to have an ad which would catch the attention of the potential customers, who would also be ready to bear the costs of buying the product. One method of doing this would be to have repeated advertisements on the internet, in order to create awareness amongst the audience. Besides, the company should also focus on educating the customer. Such customers would potentially get motivated at purchasing the product (Search Engine Optimization and Beyond, 2008). One important point to not of the internet is that it is a very large means of communication and any advertisement that would be inserted would reach each and every corner of the globe. This does not make life any easier for the manufacturer as he has to search the global market for potential customers. Online survey sites are not able to provide details of the demographics and the type of customers that would be available at specific positions on the internet. Many companies are trying to map their customers on the internet, more often without much success. This is because many people who use the internet consider it to be a very unsafe place, prone for abuse and misuse, and hence may not be willing to give out their personal details. One way of reaching potential customers would be to have advertisements on websites that the target audience is identified. Newsletters that serve to help people needing appropriate products could also be utilized as a source of advertisements and educating the potential customers. Many of the online newsletters seem to have a good customer base, and involving the company producing these newsletters would be very effective in marketing the product over the internet. The company could also help the customers further by asking them their email addresses. Online forms placed at relevant websites could also be utilized by the company and would seem a more genuine and effective approach by the customers. Once the customer gets in touch with the company, a greater amount of interaction, clearing doubts, etc, is required. Online tracking services also seem to be a good approach by the company. If a visitor to the company’s website is having a doubt, then an online chat tool with the company executive could help to clear further doubts. This process is known as ‘web casting’. Besides this, forums, online communities, bulletin boards, etc, help the people in search of getting a particular product or service from the right manufacturers (Search Engine Optimization and Beyond, 2008). Allerca would be having several objectives when it comes to marketing their product. These include:- †¢ Brand-building campaign †¢ Creating interest amongst the general public and the target market †¢ Providing information – in the form of education and awareness campaigns †¢ Creating demand for their product †¢ Reinforcing their brand (Know This, 2008). Some of the information that should be present in the advertisement include:- †¢ Information of the product †¢ Information of the price †¢ Information about other promotions †¢ Information about distribution of the product (Know This, 2008). Allerca could consider using e-mail marketing for their product. This is a very cost-effective form of marketing their products. However, studies have shown that more than 40 % of the people who utilize the internet would ignore an advertisement sent to their email. Consumers need to know that the email being sent to them is safe and is from a genuine organization. Physical email could also be considered by Allerca but this may be costly and a difficult affair as the address of thousands of potential customers need be obtained from the right database. Studies in certain parts of the world suggest that newspaper and magazine advertisements would be one of the right ways of supplementing online advertisements. More than 34 % of the people in a survey felt that direct email was a mean of communication in which a relationship could be maintained, whereas 30 % felt that newspaper advertisements could help bring about a relationship (Tedeschi, 2001). Some of the PR tools that Allerca could consider utilizing include community relations activities, social marketing, event sponsorships and awareness campaigns. Event sponsorship seems to be an effective PR tool in this case. During the conductance of a relevant event, Allerca Company could create some awareness in the target audience though sponsorships and awareness campaigns. The target audience would be brought face to face with the manufacturer during this program. The company executives could realize the expectations of the company. Accordingly they could enter into contract with the consumer or consumer groups. The company would also get an idea of the competitors that may be present. The company can now begin to develop a strategy of competing with other companies. The company could hand out pamphlets, booklets and other material to the audience to ensure that they are educated about the product. It is also important for the company to follow-up with the potential customer after the event (Full Circle Associates, 1999). References: Full Circle Associates (1999). PR Tools and Techniques, Retrieved on June 7, 2008, from Full Circle Associates Web site: http://www. fullcirc. com/rlc/commrelationstips. htm Know This (2008). Principles of Marketing – Setting the Advertising Objective, Retrieved on June 7, 2008, from Know This Web site: http://www. knowthis. com/tutorials/principles-of-marketing/managing-the-advertising-campaign/1. htm Search Engine Optimization and Beyond (2008). Identifying And Reaching Your Target Market, Retrieved on June 7, 2008, from Search Engine Optimization and Beyond Web site: http://search-engine-optimization-and-beyond. com/Customer-Centric-Website-Developement/Identifying-And-Reaching-Your-Target-Market. htm Tedeschi, B. (August 6, 2001). E-Commerce Report; online businesses are supplementing their fleet e-mailings with an old warhorse: direct mailings. Retrieved on June 7, 2008, from The NY Times Web site: http://query. nytimes. com/gst/fullpage. html? res=9501E5DF113CF935A3575BC0A9679C8B63 How to cite Allerca cat, Papers

Research Design - Collecting Population and Sample Data

Question: Write a dissertation metholodogy on how i am planning to complete my research? Answer: Research Methodology A research methodology helps the researcher in collecting the facts, analysing those facts and then interpreting observed facts. (Daniel, 1999) This section of research methodology introduces a logical framework which needs to be followed in the process of leading this study. Our research methodology will be divided into three parts, i.e. research design, collecting population and sample data and analysis of collected data. (Balachandran Guru, 2000) Research Design The major objective of research design will be to plan for selecting the subjects, researching sites procedures for data collection so as to answer the research questions. A research design would be a conceptual framework within which research process would take place and would comprise the blueprint for data collection thereafter the analysis of data that would be collected. (Indian Word Stats, 2010) Based on the objectives of our study and the purposes to be served by the study and the kind of data involved, qualitative exploratory research design would be implemented. The purpose or the objective will be to provide clear understanding of internet banking, its impact importance, its usages with main concentration on benefits and disadvantages of using internet banking. Qualitative data would be collected from the customers of banks which are either using internet banking services or are not using internet banking services, also from bank employees. (Lichtenstein Williamson, 2006) In the first phase of the research qualitative research methodology will be used. Pilot testing of survey helps to attain the in-depth response from the target group. On the basis of this in the second phase exploratory research methodology will be used. The execution of the research would begin with the questionnaire. In this screening criterion will be used by us, so as to identify the target group for this research. The screening will take place on the basis of 3 questions: Do target audience have internet access? Do target audience know how to use internet. Do the target audience banks provide internet banking facility? (Rogers, 1995) The research would travel through the target groups perception about the manual banking also. In order to measure the impact of manual banking transactions it was important to take the opinion from the target group about manual banking. Thereafter, the study will be divided into 2 parts: the customers who dont use internet banking and customers who use internet banking. It is important to bifurcate in order to understand the perceptions of the customers completely. This bifurcation helped to correlate the information between both the users and non-users of internet banking. It will also guide us to evaluate the present level of satisfaction of the customers who are the users of internet banking. The assessment of different frameworks will end up with the landscape study of the areas, which are required to be improved by the banks. The studies done earlier have mentioned that ease of use, reliability, accessibility, personality, accuracy, efficiency security could influence the use o f internet banking. At the time of conducting the survey the major focus will be on all the possible demographics, i.e. sex, age, occupation status, financial status, etc. The purpose behind covering different demographics would be to minimize the survey errors, as the sample of population needs to be taken for the purpose of completing the study. Questionnaire would be prepared in accordance to Likerts five point scale in order to calculate the opinion on different parameters by different customers. (Chau Patrick, 1996) Population Sample Target Population The first indicator to have the targeted sample would be the customers of banks who have internet access, know how to use internet whose bank provides the internet banking facilities. The sample for conducting the survey includes customers from Britain (UK). The research would cover different customers from different banks from different locations of Britain. Britain is considered as mini U.K. While conducting this survey we would take suggestions from the employees of biggest banks of UK like Bank of Scotland, Barclays HSBC in order to get more in-depth knowledge about internet banking. The survey will also aim on covering all the demographic factors in the sample itself. (Mayer, Davis Schoorman, 1995) Sample Size The customers of the banks would be our sample for the research. In total 20 bank customers from different localities from different banks were surveyed. Out of 20 people approached, the replies we got were 10, which fitted in our target population criteria. The data analysis is based on those 10 bank customers. The respondent file that took the survey and completed it is given in the below table: (Ainin, Lim Wee, 2005) Respondent Profile for Non Internet Banking Users Internet Banking Users Basis/Factors Users of Internet Banking (Total=4) Non-Users of Internet Banking (Total= 6) Total i.e. 10 Post graduates Graduates Under Graduates 3 1 0 2 3 1 5 4 1 Male Female 3 1 4 2 7 3 Income level below 2 million/year Income level above 2 million/year 3 1 5 1 8 2 Age 20-30 Age 30-40 Age 40-50 2 1 1 3 2 1 5 3 2 Data Collection For collecting the data the primary and secondary sources would be used. Secondary sources like internet, banking websites, journals and reports would be used in order to complete the study. Also primary sources would be used such as closed and open ended questionnaires were prepared for the customers through survey monkey. The purpose of the questionnaires would be to find out information regarding the level of usage of internet baking, services offered, customers demographic, satisfaction level of customers, benefits of internet banking, and growth opportunities of internet banking, the disadvantages and challenges faced by the users of internet banking. The questionnaire method of research will help us to save time cost for the researchers as well as the respondents. (Greenland, 1995) Data Analysis The analysis has been made on 10 target responses which were received after conducting the survey. The respondents had different educational qualifications, were of different age groups. The aim of the study would be to find out the perception of the customers about internet banking. From the selected sample of 10 respondents, it is observed that 60% of the sample does not use internet banking facilities provided by banks. The rate at which banks invest in providing such kind of services is growing, mere 40% users reflects a big gap between the investments and its returns. From the results of the survey it is clear that role of education is not much important in improving the usage of internet banking services. This study reflected that there is a major difference between educated non users of internet banking and users of internet banking. Academic people were using more of internet banking facilities. Earlier researchers did not studied this factor while doing there research. This becomes vital in a country where the education level is not too high. Gender of customers also does not play an important role in using internet banking services. The study reflected that females are less internet banking users when compared to makes. Thereafter a small research is done on the usage of internet banking and the gender role. In the same way, the study revealed that people belonging to higher income groups are more users of internet banking. However, age and choices of internet banking are independent of each other. The customers from a younger age group are more users of internet banking when compare with older age group people. (Ndubisi Sinti, 2006) The above observations and findings showcase that customers which believe that manual banking is more convenient and are not using internet banking. This out dated and age hold perception has become so strong that even such efficient fast modes like internet banking or banking through mobiles has not been able to change it. The major reasons for this out dated perception are the manual banking offers more flexibility human interaction. There is no reason that motivates the customers to use internet banking facilities as the customers have a strong confidence that manual banking is convenient and easy to use. (Fishbein Ajzen, 1975) According to the data collected it showed that 50% of total respondents are happy with the manual banking services, so this would be the strongest criteria for the customers, which influences their mind not to go for internet banking services. Almost 10% of the customers were neutral, i.e. they may choose to use internet banking services if they are given motivation to do so. The reason behind high number of non-internet banking customers may be due to manual banking providing better service quality. The biggest reason behind any failure or acceptance of electronic commerce is service quality. (Basyir, 2000) In many earlier studies conducted also showed that biggest concern for not using internet banking services is security. Almost 60% of the customers do not prefer to use internet banking services due to high level of cybercrimes like hacking, phishing, etc. on the other hand the result showed 15% of the respondents have faced such problems in past, so they do not prefer to use online banking services. This could be the reason why 25% of customers do not prefer internet banking services as shown in table 3, 4, 5. (Khalil Pearson, 2007) The biggest factor that is stopping customers to use internet banking services is the security concern. This reflects the conceptual framework which states that security is an important factor for accepting any service. The biggest factor which motivates to opt for internet banking is trust. Users are convinced about internet usage. Thus the motivating factor behind internet banking usage is trust, if banks are able to build trust on the customers by providing proper security, customers will definitely opt for internet banking services. (Huam, 2008) References Ainin, S., Lim, C. H., Wee, A. (2005). Prospects and challenges of E-banking in Malaysia. The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, 22 (1), 1-11. Huam, et al. (2008). Predictors of intention to continue using internet banking services: An empirical study of current users. International Journal of Business and Information, 3(2), 233-244. Internet World Stats, Usage and Population Statistics. (2010). Internet usage is Asia. [Online] Available: https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htm#asia (September, 28, 2010). Khalil, M.N., Pearson, J. M. (2007). The influence of trust on internet banking acceptance. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 12 (2), 1-10. Lichtenstein, S., Williamson, K. (2006). Understanding consumer adoption of internet banking: An interpretive study in the Australian Banking Context. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 7(2), 50-66. Mayer, R.C., Davis, J.H., Schoorman, F.D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709-734. Ndubisi, N. O., Sinti, Q. (2006). Consumer attitude, systems characteristics and internet banking adoption in Malaysia. Management Research News, 29(1/2), 16-27. Rogers, E.M. (1995). Diffusion of innovations. New York: Free Press. Balachandran Guru B. K. (2000). E-Banking Developments in Malaysia: Prospects and Problems. Journal of International Banking Law, 15 (10): 250256. Basyir, A. (2000). A Model of Consumers' Acceptance of Internet Shopping. MBA thesis, School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. Chau, Patrick Y. K. (1996). An Empirical Assessment of a Modified Technology Acceptance Model. Journal of Management Information Systems, 12 (2): 185204. Daniel, E. (1999). Provision of Electronic Banking in the UK and Republic of Ireland. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 17 (2): 7282. Fishbein, M. Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intentions and Bahavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Boston, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Greenland, S. (1995). Network Management and The Branch Distributions Channels. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 13 (4): 1218.

The 99 Cents Stores Company Case Study

Introduction Information Technology is said to have both tangible and intangible benefits to a business (Senn, 2000). It helps a business make profits while producing the results the customers want. It also promotes efficiency while saving time and resources to achieve greater output.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The 99 Cents Stores Company Case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The 99 Cents Stores Company has been described as a leader in embracing IT in its stores and this has differentiated it from the competitors. The company uses technology to ensure efficiency in the way business is conducted. For this reason, they always make greater profits. Overview The 99 Cents Only Stores has been seen to be a leader in championing the use of IT in its business ventures. The ‘pickers’ are directed by an automated voice control that ensures efficiency in goods selection and transportation. The 99 Cents Stores also employed different approaches when doing their business. Instead of only targeting the population with low and medium income earners, they targeted the rich. They knew full well that the rich equally valued the idea of saving. Therefore, they made the most profits in stores that were located in rich neighbourhoods such as the Beverly Hills. The former CEO and founder, Mr. Gold together with his executives had one objective of developing the simplest way of identifying the correct customer for their inexpensive items. In order to make this happen, they employed the IT team to drive all decisions relating to this. Therefore, IT ensured efficiency in identifying the proper goods and efficiency in distributing them into their stores. At the same time, IT ensured that there was no overstocking or under-stocking. This way, the 99 Cents Stores Company remained the leader in its industry. Despite the fact that Gold does not fancy computers and technology himself, he app reciates the role of IT in his company. He describes Adams as the perfect choice for the company since he has a big IT team (Oz, 2008). He delegates much authority to the team, which ensures that the work is done.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He was also impressed when the IT team wrote the whole code (software) for the POS systems. The IT team also ensure that the information systems are flexible so as to accommodate modifications in-house. Problem definition Some businesses have not realised the importance of using IT and embracing technology in their undertakings. The dollar stores were described to be slow in adopting some of the cutting edge technology available. This describes the difference between these stores and the 99 Cents Stores since the latter seemed to be ahead of them (Oz, 2008). Whenever they could not develop software in-house, they employed softwa re companies to design systems specific for the operations in their chains. For this reason, the 99 Cents Stores managed to build big stores and made much more profits as compared to their competitors. However, David Gold did not fully understand the importance of technology and the need to invest heavily in it. He rarely used his personal computer. Despite the company’s great profits, it spent a very small fraction to invest in technology. Recommendation Technology is said to improve efficiency of operations in businesses (Stephen, 2000). It helps a business preserve its resources such as space and time. Businesses also depend on technology when it comes to issues such as the Point of Sales systems and information management systems. These systems should have the capability to handle all kind of information. Such information may include accounting and tracking, and the automated systems.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The 99 Cents Stores Company Case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Automated systems are usually used in large-scale production of goods. Packaging, sorting and other forms of communication and marketing are also assisted by the use of technology. Globalization was also made possible due to the use of technology (Stephen, 2000). Technology made it possible for businesses to grow and expand in the way it has today. The importance of technology (IT) has made it a huge industry in itself. This explains the existence of software design and development. Computer hardware manufacturing and robotics have also developed for this reason. Technology is a vital tool in improving efficiency and increasing profits. Computers are efficient due to their speeds and ability to provide up-to-date information. Technology also makes automation possible. This way, it reduces or replaces physical employees. Doing business manually may increase human errors and consume valuable t ime. Therefore, automation may be important when a business needs to save time and reduce errors. The 99 Cents Stores, for example, has used automation in directing the staff to pick the items in the stores. Conclusion Technology (IT) is vital to any business today. It is important in that it ensures efficiency of operations. Technology has made it possible to automate services where humans are now replaced with more efficient and accurate machines.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In 99 Cents Stores, technology has been used to save time and improve accuracy and efficiency. This explains why it makes greater profits than its competitors do. It has also managed to grow its business steadily. Therefore, businesses should embrace technology and understand the importance of technology in their operations. The 99 Cents Stores Company should also consider investing more of its profits in technology. References Oz, E. (2008). Management information systems (6th ed.). New York: Course Technology Ptr. Senn, J. (2000). Information technology in business: Principles, practices and opportunities. Upper Saddle River: Printice-Hall, Inc. Stephen, C. (2000). Information technology in business processes. Business Process Management Journal, 6(3), 224, 237. This case study on The 99 Cents Stores Company Case Study was written and submitted by user Kelsey Buckley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Character Analysis Moira in The Handmaids Tale Essay Example

Character Analysis Moira in The Handmaids Tale Essay Example Character Analysis Moira in The Handmaids Tale Paper Character Analysis Moira in The Handmaids Tale Paper Essay Topic: The Handmaids Tale In The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood, Moira’s character is fierce and rebellious, as she battles Gilead’s oppressive system throughout the book. However, the other females subjected to similar treatment do not resist their oppression nearly as much as she does. As Atwood furthers the development of Moira’s character, the differences between her personality and that of the other handmaids’ are brought to light.The author uses diction and similes in order to show that while the other handmaids have come to accept their lives in Gilead, Moira continues to resist. Moira’s self identification as a lesbian directly challenges the ideals present in Gilead. While the Commander is giving a speech and presenting the new Angels with their brides, he says, â€Å"And Adam was not deceived, but the woman being deceived was in the transgression†(Atwood 221). In this line, Atwood’s description of the woman’s actions as a â€Å"transgression† as well as the emphasis on the fact that Adam wasn’t deceived conveys a sense of male superiority. The author depicts the male avoiding deception while the female is depicted as being deceived and committing a crime, highlighting the exhortation of women in order to make them feel inferior to and reliant upon their male counterparts. Moira, however, is resistant to these speeches, as she has no desire to be with any males. Her sexual preference allows her to avoid being swayed to the idea that she needs a man to guide her in her life. Unlike Moira, the other handmaids have become brainwashed by the Red Center and are no longer opposed to the new regime proposed by them. While discussing the aftermath of Moira’s escape from Gilead, Offred says that, â€Å"Moira had power now, she’d been set loose, she’d set herself loose. She was now a loose woman. I think we found this frightening†(Atwood 135). In these lines, Atwood talks about Moira’s new found power after escaping Gilead, but more im

Select an ancient (Coliseum water supply), pioneer historical (canals, Assignment

Select an ancient (Coliseum water supply), pioneer historical (canals, Carolina rice, London Docks) or exotic (e.g. Sahara Deser - Assignment Example Those reasons will be clear if we analyze the function of the Coliseum. It was an arena for spectators to watch the death of animals, slaves, gladiators, Christians, and other factions of the society that the Romans wanted to exterminate or punish (Colosseum Water and Sewer System). These death games were literally games, with very gruesome acts and bloody ends (Colosseum Water and Sewer System). Water was, therefore, needed to wash away the remains of the animals and humans, and their blood and body parts (Colosseum Water and Sewer System). This drainage became part of the sewer system of the Coliseum, which ultimately ended in the River Tiber (Colosseum Water and Sewer System). It is further discussed with the toilet system of the Coliseum. The Coliseum water supply also catered to the requirements of the toilets, which consisted of two large toilets with rows of open seating holes having a tunnel beneath them through which passed a stream of flowing water (Colosseum Water and Sewe r System). There were four underground tunnels for collecting the drained water, including that from the arena, and connected to these tunnels were four wells 1.3 by 3.8 meters in the foundation of the building (Colosseum Water and Sewer System). ... The main water supply to the Coliseum, and indeed to Rome in general, was through the River Tiber (Colosseum Water and Sewer System). Other smaller streams, some seasonal in nature, were also utilized. The system through which water was conducted to the city and to Coliseum comprised of aqueducts, which were impressive concrete water channels supported by pillars and arches (Colosseum Water and Sewer System). Coliseum was supplied by the Aqua Claudia, commissioned by Emperor Claudius, the first aqueduct to be built, running eleven miles, in the year 312 B. C. (Ancient Roman Aqueducts). The source was the river. The channels were concrete in nature, supplemented by viaducts which were multi-tiered structures to help the water cross low areas (Colosseum Water and Sewer System). The aqueducts led to large covered basins which served as modern-day sedimentation tanks to collect the silt and dirt of the River water before it was supplied to the public (Colosseum Water and Sewer System). O nce cleaned, channels led from these catch basins to storage reservoirs in the city, either in the form of open free-flowing canals, or through led and terra-cotta pipes (Colosseum Water and Sewer System). From the reservoirs, water was supplied to the building through led pipes (Colosseum Water and Sewer System). These pipes were embedded in the walls and floor of the structure of Coliseum during its structure (Colosseum Water and Sewer System). It is estimated that five hundred thousand barrels of water flowed through these channels in twenty-four hours (Ancient Roman Aqueducts). Another method of water provision was through the collection of rain water (Colosseum Water and Sewer System). This was collected by concentric ducts and led through vertical pipes down the walls of Coliseum

The factors that attract the tourists to visit Orlando,FL Research Proposal

The factors that attract the tourists to visit Orlando,FL - Research Proposal Example ?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..7 SECTION 2 Literature review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 SECTION 3 Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 Research Design and Approach†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 Study Population and Sample†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 Sampling Criteria†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.15 Data Collection Instrument†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦16 Data Collection Procedure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.17 Data Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦17 Limitations of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.17 SECTION 4 Discussion and Findings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 SECTION 5 Document Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.18 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.20 SECTION 1 Abstract When tourists are thinking about visiting a destination, they consider numerous elements such as price, climate, the available attractions and infrastructure. This has on the other hand led to increased competition among tourist destinations. Each destination has a distinct image, with some having a stronger image than others. In this regard, an apprehension of what makes up the destination image can result to increased tourist satisfaction and loyalty. Notably, these dimensions of the destination image affec t what attracts tourists to a destination. The primary objective of this research is to identify the factors that attract tourist to Orlando, Florida. This research will do so by collecting and analyzing data on 150 respondents in Orlando, consisting of tourists from different market segments and travel agencies in the area. Introduction Tourism is one of the primary economic activities in Orlando, Florida. During the early days, Orlando city and the whole Florida were only visited by the well-heeled and well-known people who could have enough money for the lifestyle. Some of the tourists and visitors loved the place and resolved to stay and start trading. The progress and development of Orlando and Florida is attributed to one man, Henry Flagler, who was among the individuals who loved the weather and climate and resolved to capitalize in the city in the late 19th century. He capitalized and constructed the hotels and transportation lines making it easier for more people within the world to access the city and the state. This was still in the late 19th century, where Florida state and the cities within it, including Orlando, were connected to New York. In the early 20th century, thousands of tourists started streaming into the state. Since then, Orlando has centered on tourism (Visit Orlando, 2013). Orlando is at present a principal travel target with myriad attraction destinations such as game parks, lodgings, world-class airports and one among the largest convention facilities within the country. In 2011, Orlando claimed a United States tourism record by attaining 55.1

Public Administration Theory application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Public Administration Theory application - Essay Example Included in the paper will be a theoretical perspective of the problem and theory selected. Various areas that may be specifically impacted and a problem analysis addressing the rates of graduation and test scores, additionally a solution analysis will be included with hypothetical returns based on current observations and available data. Ohio High Schools and the need for change Public education in Ohio In the school year ending in 2006 approximately 74% of all students in Ohio high schools graduated with a regular diploma. One contributing factor in this may be the earnings gap that exists with those not graduating generally making $10,000 less annually. (Alliance of an excellent education, 2009) In a 2008 report by the Americas Promise Alliance education group found that there was a large disparity in urban graduation rates versus suburban graduation rates, Columbus Ohio for instance averaged 40.9% graduation rate while the suburban districts had an average graduation rate of 82.9 % showing a glaring disparity in the two geographical areas. (Swanson, P.h.D, 2008 p. 12) This glaring disparity does bring the idea that there may be race related issues as well, though it is likely it is simply the result of economic changes and geographical location. As can be seen with the available information there is a difference between urban and suburban locations and school districts. Overall scores in the state of Ohio increased in the school year ending in 2008 from the school year ending in 2000; however, these scores were down from the school year ending in 2006 from 92.9 to 92.3. (Ohio Department of Education, 2008) More importantly the disparity in graduation numbers still exists, which while the test scores are improving the reduced graduation in urban areas remains a problem. There have been local attempts at improving the level of education and rates of students graduating specifically from Cleveland Ohio. One of those efforts encompasses the philosophy that livin g away from home may in fact assist with the student’s ability to learn. Educational Options LLC., offers a private solution for a public issue. The founder Ms. Simon offers a service which locates educational opportunities for teens with learning disabilities, from oppositional behavior through Autistic Spectrum Disorders. (Simon, 2011) Organizational theory, symbolic interactionism relating to the disparity of rates Symbolic interactionism as a theory focuses on the individual versus the more general societal implications of organizational theory. Within the public school system specifically within the Ohio High School public education program this approach would be a positive benefit. Sociologist Herbert Blumer defined the theory with three core principles. The first was meaning which states that humans act or react based on the meaning they have given those people or things they are reacting to. The second was language, which allows humans a means to negotiate through the meanings they have devised for the objects or persons. This further allows the basis for society as we understand it. The third principle is thought, each person’s thoughts changes the meanings of the symbols and or language. (Nelson, 1998 np) This administration approach applied within the school system would allow for a more specific approach which could assist in preventing the large disparity

Religion And Islamic View On Homosexuality Religion Essay

Religion And Islamic View On Homosexuality Religion Essay Explaination:- Lut is referred to as Lot in the Hebrew Scriptures. This passage is an apparent reference to the activities at Sodom and Gamorah. It seems to imply that there was no homosexual behavior before it first appeared in Sodom. This is a uniquely Islamic concept; it does not appear in Jewish or Christian beliefs. The passage also links the sin of Sodom (the reason for its destruction) to homosexuality.That linkage is contradicted by other verses in the Hebrew Scriptures. The Quran prohibits any sexual relationship except in a marriage between male and female. It is advised to take Homosexual as a test of life and suppress the feeling to follow Gods law in Islam. According to The Islam Society of North America, Dr. Muzammil Siddiqi, said: Homosexuality is a moral disorder, a sin and corruptionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ No person is born homosexual, just like no one is born a thief, a liar or murderer. People acquire these evil habits due to a lack of proper guideance and education. He also said : There are many reasons why it is forbidden in Islam. Homosexuality is dangerous for the health of the individuals and for the society. It is a main cause of one of the most harmful and fatal diseases. It is disgraceful for both men and women. It degrades a person. Islam teaches that men should be men and women should be women. Homosexuality deprives a man of his manhood and a woman of her womanhood. It is the most un-natural way of life. Homosexuality leads to the destruction of family life. All Islamic schools of thought and jurisprudence consider gay acts to be unlawful but they differ in terms of penalty:- The Hanafite school (currently seen mainly in South and Eastern Asia) taught that no physical punishment is warranted. The Hanabalites, (widely followed in the Arab world) taught that severe punishment is warranted. The Shafi school of thought (also seen in the Arab world) requires a minimum of 4 adult male witnesses before a person can be found guilty of a homosexual act. Since Iranian revolution in 1979, Al-Fatiha estimates that 4,000 homosexuals have been executed in Iran and 10 public executions of homosexuals have been performed in Afghanistan by the Taliban army. Conclusion, in Islam, it is clear that homosexual is wrong and cannot be accepted and pratise by Muslim and there is punishment of Muslim who practise. The punnishment also differ in schools and Muslim who belong to a specific school will undergo the penalty that is warranted br that particular school. Christian view about Homosexual As Bible is the Holy Book for Christians, the Bible had talk about homosexuality in some verses. Below is the example of some the verses:- In the Old Testament, homosexual behaviour is mentioned in the story of the destruction of the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah by God in the book of Genesis (Revised Standard Version, RSV), >>> Chapter 19 Gen.19,1  Ã‚  Ã‚   The two angels came to Sodom in the evening; and Lot was sitting in the gate of Sodom. When Lot saw them, he rose to meet them, and bowed himself with his face to the earth, Gen.19,2  Ã‚  Ã‚   and said, lMy lords, turn aside, I pray you, to your servants house and spend the night, and wash your feet; then you may rise up early and go on your way.l They said, lNo; we will spend the night in the street.l Gen.19,3  Ã‚  Ã‚   But he urged them strongly; so they turned aside to him and entered his house; and he made them a feast, and baked unleavened bread, and they ate. Gen.19,4  Ã‚  Ã‚   But before they lay down, the men of the city, the men of Sodom, both young and old, all the people to the last man, surrounded the house; Gen.19,5  Ã‚  Ã‚   and they called to Lot, lWhere are the men who came to you tonight? Bring them out to us, that we may know them [New International Version (NIV): can have sex with them , New Jerusallam Bible (NJB): can have intercourse with them].l The book of Leviticus also mentions homosexual behaviour(Revised Standard Version, RSV): Lev.18,22  Ã‚  Ã‚   You shall not lie with a male as with a woman; it is an abomination Lev.18,23  Ã‚  Ã‚   And you shall not lie with any beast and defile yourself with it, neither shall any woman give herself to a beast to lie with it: it is perversion. Lev.18,24  Ã‚  Ã‚   lDo not defile yourselves by any of these things, for by all these the nations I am casting out before you defiled themselves; Lev.18,25  Ã‚  Ã‚   and the land became defiled, so that I punished its iniquity, and the land vomited out its inhabitants. In the New Testament St. Paul writes about homosexual behaviour in his letter to the Romans (RSV): Rom.1,24  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore God gave them up in the lusts of their hearts to impurity, to the dishonoring of their bodies among themselves, Rom.1,25  Ã‚  Ã‚   because they exchanged the truth about God for a lie and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed for ever! Amen. Rom.1,26  Ã‚  Ã‚   For this reason God gave them up to dishonorable passions. Their women exchanged natural relations for unnatural, Rom.1,27  Ã‚  Ã‚   and the men likewise gave up natural relations with women and were consumed with passion for one another, men committing shameless acts with men and receiving in their own persons the due penalty for their error. Rom.1,32  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though they know Gods decree that those who do such things deserve to die, they not only do them but approve those who practice them. [source from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality] However, homosexuality is accepted by some Christian denomination and the acception of homosexual couple can be catogeries into allows as members, ordains, blesses union and marries. These are acception of some denomiation:- Denomiation Allows as members Ordains Blesses Union Marries Methodist Yes No No No Roman Catholic Church Yes(but may possibly be denied sacraments since it varies) No(celibate homosexual men also not to be ordained, women are resticted regardless of orientation) No No Episcopal Yes Yes Yes Yes(allows Bishops to decide) [Source from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominational_positions_on_homosexuality] In conlusion, most of Chritianity denomiation does not accept homosexually fully and Christian is bounded to his or her denomiation to refer on homosexual. However , in Bible, it is stated in many verses that can be interpreted that homosexual is wrong and prohibited. Buddhism view about homosexual Buddha did not leave any teaching neither about homosexual orientation nor homosexual behaviour. He encourage his follower to examine and test the truth of religious teaching before accepting them; be a lamp onto yourself. Buddhism teaches to do thing that useful and helpful,based on good intention and and freedom from harm. There are some arguments made from basic Buddhist priciples, which is Buddhas Eightfold Path. Second of the eight steps is called as Samma sankappa: right thinking or right resolve. When this step is related to sexual behaviour, it is explained as that it is not allowed to engage with pleasurable activities such as masturbation and also harm another person. Other than that, fourth step of the eight step, Samma Kammanta; right conduct or right behaviour also been related with sexual behaviour. This step is explained as that safe sex should be practise to avoid passing STDs which may cause death, engage with only sex that has mutual consent, and avoid unlawful sex. From here, according to basic Buddhist principle, we can say that homosexual can be practise except if there is no mutual consent or it is unlawful and also safe sex is not practise. Theravada Buddhism is one of the largest division of Buddhism. Theravada Buddhists say that if a relationship gives out happiness and well-being to both parties, then it is positive and can be accepted. Kerry Trembathe commented that Buddhist leaders grouped coercive sex, sexual harashment, child molestation and adultery as sexuall misconduct but heterosexual and homosexual sex are accepted. Kerry Thembathe concludes:- lUnfortunately, it cannot be said that homosexuals in countries where Buddhists are in the majority are any more free from prejudice and discrimination than they are in other countries. Everywhere it has taken root, Buddhism has absorbed aspects of the dominant culture, and this has sometimes been to its detriment. Neither is it true to say that people who espouse Buddhism are themselves any more free from prejudiced views than those of other persuasions. However it is clear that there is nothing in the Buddhas teachings to justify condemnation of homosexuality or homosexual acts. It seems to me that many gays and lesbians, particularly in Western countries, are drawn to Buddhism because of its tolerance and its reluctance to draw rigid moral lines, although of course I have no hard evidence for this. The same principles would be used to evaluate all relationships and sexual behaviour, whether heterosexual or homosexual.l [Source from: http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_budd.htm ] Hinduisme view about homosexual Homosexuality is a controversial issue within Hindus ecspecialy among Hindus in countries where homosexually is accepted generally. The famous Kama Sutra states that homosexual sex is to be engaged in for its own sake as arts. There are arguement is done on this topic against the Hinduisms teachings on love,sex and marriage. In Hinduism, love is an external force which is important to attain Moksha. Erotic desire or Kama in Hinduism is one of the most legimate pleasures on earth, however premarital sex and extramarital sex is prohibited. This is summarise of the arguemnt. Some people does not agree to accept homosexual and these are their points:- Romantic love naturally between men and women and it is impossible for homosexual people to experience this love. Then, homosexual is a form of lust; lust is wrong , thus homosexual activities are wrong. One of the three functions of marriage is Prajaa, the progeny for perpetuation of ones family. A homosexual couple cannot procreate, and thus cannot be married. Since homosexual couples cannot marry, they cannot engage with sexual intercourse as premaritel and extramarital sex is wrong. At the counter part, they have their own points and these are the points:- There is no prove that show love is between men and women in Hindu. Therefore, it is not true. Hence, homosexual couple can experience love and not lust at all time. The three functions of marriage is from Dharma Shastras, books that not binding to Hindus. Prajaa may be interpreted in a number of ways that do not involve procreation at all even if the three function is related to marriage. Thus homosexuals should be allowed to marry. A loving relationship is encouraged to have sexual expression since it is not expreesion of lust but love. Therefore, homosexual is loving relationship should allowed to express their love sexually. Sikhism view about Homosexuality The Guru Granth Sahib, The highest authority in Sikhism, kept silent on homosexual topic, however there are parts of Guru Granth Sahib that have been interpreted that homosexual is wrong. The five thiefs that should avoided by Sikhs; Pride(aHankar) , Anger( Krodh) ,Greed( LobH), Lust(Khaaam) and Attachment(MoH) are statedin the Guru Granth Sahib. Many Sikhs believe that homosexual is a product of lust, hence homosexual is forbidden. In reference to Sikhisms rejection on Indian caste system, Sikhs that born or raised in countries that tolerant to homosexual describe homosexual is the new Untouchables. These Sikhs also believe that Guru Nanaks emphasisation on universal quality and brotherhood supports gay rights. Any alternative way of living is prohibited in family living; one of Sikhisms most underlying values. Most of Sikhs assume that this means homosexual is prohibited. Most of Sikh will try to overcome homosexual feeling by believing it is lust and marry opposite sex person. This makes a belief that no homosexual Sikh. But those Sikh who support homosexual, say that family living value is not only for heterosexual couple but also applicable for homosexual couple. In conclusion, most Sikh do not practise homosexual , however there is some Sikh who support the arguement about homosexual is not wrong and pratise it. Conclusion Religion Acception of Homosexual Islam Not Accepted Christian Depend on Christianity denomiation whether accepted or not and also the degree of acception. Hindism A controversual issue; some accept and some not and they have their own arguement on their acception. Buddhism Alike as Hinduism; some accept but some not. Sikhism Most of Sikh do not accept but a minority people accept it.

AfricanAmerican Representation in the Media :: Free Essay Writer

AfricanAmerican Representation in the Media In Jacqueline Bobo's article, The Color Purple : Black Women as Cultural Readers, she discusses the way in which black women create meaning out of the mainstream text of the film The Color Purple. In Leslie B. Innis and Joe R. Feagin's article, The Cosby Show: The View From the Black Middle Class, they are examining black middle-class responses to the portrayal of black family life on The Cosby Show. In their respective articles, Bobo, and Innis and Feagin are investigating the representation of race, particularly African American race, in the mass media. The chief concerns of their investigations lie in how African Americans deal with the way these representations portray them individually and their social group as a whole. In this paper I will compare the issues in each study, analyze the larger sociopolitical implications of the media representations and apply a similar framework of concerns to my own reception analysis project. In Bobo's article, the chief concerns of the author are "the savage and brutal depiction of black men in the film", "black family instability", and the way that black women embrace the film and use their own reconstructed meaning of it to "empower themselves and their social group," (90,92). Film as a medium starts out with many potential limitations and problems when it comes to representing a whole race of people. No two people are exactly alike no matter what race they come from so there is no way one film can represent all peoples. Unfortunately, many people believe that a certain depiction of black people characterizes all black people, which is certainly not the case. This is very dangerous because this perpetuates stereotyping and discrimination. The viewing public pays for movies and therefore movie directors have to tailor their product so that the majority of viewers will enjoy, and agree with the ideas behind the film. The majority almost always means white America so e ven African American based movies are made for white audiences. Because of this, the representations of blacks in the medium of film are almost always white ideas of who black people are, not who they really are. The film The Color Purple has been the center of controversy since it was made in 1985. Many people feel the film is a terrible portrayal of black family life and that it is stereotypical in its depiction of black men as evil and brutal tyrants who imprison and mentally and verbally abuse woman.

Global Politics Essay

Ethnic nationalism is formed by a group with members that may or may not exist within the boundaries of a single state, and yet can be categorized as a group of individuals that share a common ethnic national identity. The nations that practice nationalism share a common heritage, including a common faith, a common language, common ethnic ancestry and a common culture. The first stage in the formation of ethnic nationalism is a form of cultural and moral relativism. It is inspired by a sense of inferiority and resentment against societies (or social groups) perceived to be morally and culturally superior. The architects of such nationalisms begin by insisting on the plurality and equality of (national) cultures, with the fact of plurality being taken as a sign of value. Appeal of ethnic nationalism By the end of the nineteenth century, ethnic nationalism was already the most common type of nationalism in the world. The real meaning of nationalism has been confused by many people. People’s inability to distinguish between different types of nationalism and to perceive the close similarity between the ideologies of ethnic identity and ethnic nationalism, shows how natural it has become for us to think in terms of ethnic nationalism, how unproblematic, how legitimate its vision appears to us. Ethnic nationality is appealing to us because as compared to civic nationalism, it provides superior psychological gratification. It limits individual’s freedom, while at the same time relieves them of responsibility and offers a sense of tangible order. It offers the universal need, to live in a free society, where one may choose one’s identity. It is natural, what with the anomie and the disconcerting indeterminacy of one’s reality, to yearn for the comfort for the regulated world where one is never allowed more than what one can accomplish. It allows for one to be respected and the maintenance of his dignity is assured by his membership in the dignified community irrespective of his accomplishments. The experience of modernity, in other words, created as it is by nationalism, favors ethnic nationalism. (Goldmann etal 34-35) Ethnic nationality has also been promoted by the recent wave of democratization which has spread throughout the world alienation from increasingly impersonal, bureaucratic and centralized states; and the declining importance of class-based political parties and movements. Uneven economic development has often frustrated the desires of regionally based ethnic groups for educational and occupational mobility and an improved standard of living. In this light, ethnic nationalism can be seen as an attempt to maintain or to create a sense of identity and community in the face of the threat of cultural assimilation or cultural destruction. Ethnic nationalism is used by governments, including its use for elite manipulation, its involvement in situations of threat and defense, its relationship to relative economic deprivation and the interstate rivalries that feed on ethnic secession and irredentism for their own needs. Limits of ethnic nationalism On the other hand, ethnic nationalism is associated with several limitations. In the modern world, the rise of ethnic nationalism has often resulted in disruptive changes such as the disintegration experienced by several multiethnic states. As a result, it is incompatible with the idea of the state nationalism that seeks the convergence of territorial and political loyalty, irrespective of competing locus of affiliation, such as kinship, profession, religion, economic interest, race or even language. This may occur, for example, where the government forces the members of certain ethnic groups to agree to ethnic nationalism. For example, the officials of Pakistani present the country as one united nation with a common history, common culture and common religion. But various ethnic groups refuse to accept those lies and, despite a common religion, challenge them with the myths of their own distinct history, culture and language. Due to such reasons many people have sympathized with ethnic nationalism and said that it at least faces up to the negativity of the existing world. (Khan 25) Zhao Suisheng says that repression is not the only measure the state has deployed to retain ethnic minority areas. The role of the state, even the totalitarian state, has its limits. Ethnic nationalism has a resilience of its own; it cannot be easily dislodged from the minds of minority peoples by repression. The state may rewrite history as a means to colonize ethnic minorities and to control them through coercive policies. It can not however eliminate the historical memory of ethnic minorities. The inclusion of identity as a factor in ethnic nationalist should be considered. Many nations that support ethnic nationalism encourage its citizens to follow only one culture, leading to the loss of identity to many people in the country. Maintenance of people’s identity should be considered as it plays a key role in motivating ethnic nationalistic communities, and in explaining the shared goals among the members. While identity is important in explaining the shared goals within an ethnic nationalist community, other factors such as homeland relationships should also not be overlooked. (Zhao Suisheng 79) Question two Multilateralism Multilateralism is a term used in international relations to refer to many countries working jointly on certain issues. There are several principles and features of multilateralism, which it follows for the sake of its effective operation, such as defending human rights, promoting free trade and globalization, conserving the environment and encouraging freedom of movement to mention but a few. Although all the aforementioned principles are set for the good of multilateralism, they may either weaken or strengthen it as an approach to finding solutions to global problems. Principles and features of the international system affecting multilateralism Human rights Multilateralism encourages the leaders of its member countries to consider the humanitarian needs and the human rights of the citizens first, before their personal interests. It also encourages them to maintain good relations with other countries. This is especially the case when it comes to political instability. Due to multilateralism, international organizations have offered help to the member countries, for example, in cases of political instability. On the other hand, politically stable countries have helped the politically unstable ones to regain peaceful relations. This shows the role of multilateralism as a good approach to resolving problems affecting several countries. For example, the United Nations played a big role in the recent fight between Israel and Gaza. A report by the United Nations accused the Israeli troops of abusing the human rights. The troop was accused of human rights violations such as shelling a building they had ordered the civilians to enter, using a Palestinian child as a human shield during fighting in Gaza, shooting Palestinian children among many others. The United Nations was at the fore front of urging the two countries to settle their differences and observe peaceful relations. Globalization and free trade Multilateralism encourages globalization. Globalization is defined as the sense of wide spread international movement. It implies a higher place of organization, where discrete international entities dissolve, so that all major political and economic decisions are transmitted globally. It sees the death of boundaries encouraging free trade; in this sense, it is seen as a factor strengthening multilateralism as the preferred approach for resolving global problems. Globalization has been of utmost performance in reducing barriers to trade in both goods and services and capital flows. Occurrence of unhampered trade has not only caused maximum economic welfare for the participating states, but has also caused peaceful relations among states. No single country is completely self-sufficient in terms of its consumer needs, such as food. Multilateralism has therefore been able to balance the two aspects; it has provided a market for the big producers of consumer products, while satisfying the consumer needs for the people in the low producing countries. Health Multilateralism involves and encourages the movement of people from one country to another. It has seen the movement of people among nations, resulting to immigration. Immigrants find their way in an environment that is new to them due to several reasons such as wars, the search for a better life and famine among many other reasons. Multilateralism has given people the freedom to move to foreign countries and easily acquire passports, work permits and other documents required for one to settle in the country. However, this movement has seen crowding in the developed nations, as the people from the third world struggle to find ways to migrate to the developed nations. It has also resulted to the spread of diseases from one nation to the other. Many of the people who migrate as refugees are not screened for dangerous or contagious diseases. They spread diseases from their home countries to the foreign country. A good example was the spread of diseases that happened in the 20th century is spread of Ebola by Uganda immigrants to the neighboring countries like Kenya and Tanzania, and the spread of small pox by immigrants form Congo. Environmental conservation One of the principles of multilateralism is to oversee environmental conservation, especially today, when global warming has been declared a global environmental crisis. It’s well known that multilateralism encouraged the developed countries to establish industries in the developing countries. However, in doing this, it has accelerated the rate of global warming in the developing countries. Initially, the developing countries have little levels of global warming. When the multinational companies in the developed nations establish subsidiaries in the developing nations, they accelerate global warming through the increased emission of the green house gases to the atmosphere, and increasing chances acidic rain. This, not only poses health risks to the people in the developing nations, but is also a cause for the destruction of their crops as most of them rely on farming. Even though multilateralism intends to encourage environmental conservation and the development of the third world countries, it ends up encouraging global warming indirectly. Works cited 1) Khan Adeel. â€Å"Politics of identity: ethnic nationalism and the state in Pakistan. † SAGE, 2005. Pg 25 2) Goldmann Kjell, Hannerz Ulf, Westin Charles. â€Å"Nationalism and Internationalism in the Post-Cold War Era† New York: Routledge, 2000. Pg 34-35 3) Hider James, UN accuses Israeli troops of Gaza human right abuses; Times Online. 3/24/2009, retrieved on 4/17/2009 from http://www. timesonline. co. uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article5962905. ece 4) Zhao Suisheng. A nation-state by construction: dynamics of modern Chinese nationalism. Stanford University Press, Beijing; 2004. pg 79

State Policy Influences NCLB Act

Federal/State Policy Influences NCLB Act Stebbins and Knitzer (2007) note that early childhood offer a great opportunity to children to develop readiness to school. Therefore, it is important for the state and policymakers to develop policies that put into consideration the welfare of early childhood education.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Federal/State Policy Influences: NCLB Act specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reason why early childhood policy matters is the it stimulates early child learning opportunities and ensures that all children get education especially those categorized as low income earners (Stebbins Knitzer, 2007). The current paper is an attempt to explore the No Child Left Behind of 2001 which was passed into law in 2002. Interview findings Five structured questions where used to interview 4 early childhood educators about the NCLB act is respect to early childhood education. The results are represented in the table below Table 1:   Interview results Questions Responses 1 It allows accountability It is mutually beneficial to childcare and head start Allows every child to have education It is appropriate 2 Most agreed that the testing criterion was not appropriate since different children have different learning capabilities 3 Early childhood education has not been addressed much under the NCLB. Accountability will be necessitated. Students from low income families and different socio-economic backgrounds will receive education Children will receive extra help thus improving students performance 4 The role of the federal government has expanded its laws instead of leaving it on individual states. Federal government has overstepped its mandate. It will allow flexibility among schools and encourage transparency and accountability. 5 The funding is not adequate since the plan is more of a burden than aid Budget cuts and incomplete federal funding may derail the policy. Explanation of the policy The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) 2001 was passed by the congress under president Bush administration and made into a law in 2002. This was part of educational reforms which were being carried to promote the quality of education in U.S. According to Chen (2007), NCLB major objective is to ensure that all students despite the socio-cultural, economic or racial backgrounds would be given the opportunity to enjoy solid education. The state policy was initiated with the help of different stakeholders who had in mind the increased job qualification requirements at international level and demand for Mathematics and English literacy. According to Hyun (2003), the policy’s contains four basic reform principles are they are â€Å"stronger accountability for â€Å"guaranteeing† results, increased flexibility and local control, expanded options for parents, and an emphasis on teaching methods that have been â€Å"quantitatively† proven to work† (p.119). In respect to early childhood education, the NCLB act does not directly address early childhood education but it has been observed to have an impact on most of the early childhood programs (Grogan, Haglund Thompson, 2006).Advertising Looking for essay on law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some of the major elements that have impact on early childhood education include recruitment of highly qualified teachers as required by the NCLB (Grogan, Haglund and Thompson, 2006). The teachers are supposed not only be qualified but also appropriately licensed. This would ensure accountability from the teachers in respect to young children performance. Testing is another component of NCLB which requires that the progress of each student needs at ECD be documented based on test outcomes. Both testing and employment of highly qualified early childhood teachers leads to improved students learning. In addition, NCLB allows every child to learn in a diversified learning environment although it may negatively affect children with special needs (Grogan, Haglund and Thompson, 2006). Hyun (2003) note that the most critical aspect of the four basic education reform principles is accountability because it ensures the progress of each student is monitored and each school and teachers are held accountable for poor students’ performance. A timeline of the evolution of NCLBA To begin with, the No Child Left Behind of 2001 was signed into a law on 8 January 2002 by President George W. Bush and later transformed to No Child Left Behind Act (NCLBA). This gave the federal government a role to play in kindergarten to 12th grade education (Hyuan, 2003). Before the enactment, efforts had been carried to change the education system in US. This has been supported by Cross (2005) who note the NCLB of 2001was on an improvement of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act which was enacted in 1965 under President Lyndon Johnson. Prior t he NCLB 0f 2001, the ESEA had undergone five amendment and reauthorization in between 1967 and 1994 (Cross, 2005). In 1981, the National Commission on Excellence in Education was commissioned under the 20 U.S.C. 123a to carry a review on scholarly literature and available data on the quality of the education, teaching, and learning that was being carried in national schools and universities (Jorgensen Hoffmann, 2003). Later in 1994, Improving Americas Schools Act of 1994 (IASA) was passed which reauthorized the ESEA and worked in collaboration with the Goals 2000: Educate America Act (Jorgensen Hoffmann, 2003). The later was to ensure that education was made available to all students and the levels of accountability stepped up.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Federal/State Policy Influences: NCLB Act specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More All states were required to follow performance and content standards, assess stude nts, and schools and teachers be held accountable for students (Hyuan, 2003). Therefore, the NCLB Act of 2001was the latest change and amendment on the U.S educational system and is currently under heavy criticisms. Evolution of NCLBA in regard to church and state The success of the NCLB Act which is a national/state policy has been shaped by series of factors and events such as state and the religion/church (Cross, 2005). The issue of race has been under scrutiny since the Second World War and the church/religion has been able to play a great role. For example, in 1950s the church fought hard to ensure that the issue of race and educational aid programs were addressed (Cross, 2005). This was followed by numerous attempts to advocate for the educational aid funding on parochial and non public schools although in vain. However, in 1965, the ESEA policy was passed to enhance federal education legislation in the U.S. On the other hand, the state under the leadership of Lyndon Johnson s aw the break of the logjam to allow federal support on non-republic education. The â€Å"child benefit theory† saw the adoption of the ESEA which necessitated the allocation of funds and books to children not based on the school ownership, but on the fact that a child needed education. Even today, the church/religion has continued to play a great role in championing for education for all (EFA). On the side, the state continued to fund education and design policies like Educate America Act and Clinton Goals 2000 bill, where accountability, testing, and measurement standards were developed which are significantly important to early childhood education. Reference List Chen, G. (2007). Understanding no child left behind. Public School Review. Web. Cross, C. (2005). The evolving role of the federal government in education. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Grogan, T., Haglund, J., Thompson, M. (2006). Voices from the field: Wisconsin early childhood education and care considers â€Å"No Child Left Behind.† Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. Web. Hyun, E. (2003). What does the â€Å"No Child Left Behind Act† mean to early childhood teacher educators?: a call for a collective professional rejoinder. Early Childhood Educational Journal, 31(2), 119. Jorgensen, M. A., Hoffman, J. (2003). History of the â€Å"No Child Left Behind Act† of 2001(NCLB). Assessment Report. Pearson Education, Inc. Stebbins, H., Knitzer, J. (2007). Highlights from the improving the odds for young children project: State early childhood policies. National Center for Children in Poverty. Web.

Free Essays on Obsessions Of A Pedophile

The relationship between Humbert Humbert and Lolita, is highly undefined. Many readers who have read Lolita find it to be based on â€Å"lust†, while others find Humbert to truly be in â€Å"love† with his Lolita. However, there is evidence that Humbert’s desire for Lolita is based on some obsessive-compulsive behavior which he cannot control, and therefore keeps returning for her. Humbert’s obsessions can be clearly recognized in his behaviors when looked upon in H. R. Beech’s Obsessional States and Andrew Brink’s Obsession and Culture: A Study of Sexual Obsession in Modern Fiction’s perception of what obsession is. Humbert’s obsessional tendencies are displayed in many passages through his descriptive word choices and his over bearing personality, such as when he describes Lolita after returning from camp to be, â€Å"†¦all rose and honey, ressed in her brightest gingham, with a pattern of little red apples,†¦wi th scratches like tiny dotted lines of coagulated rubies, and the ribbed cuffs of her white socks were turned down.† Obsession can be a difficult subject because there is not a finite definition of what obsession really is. Who determines what obsession is? When does deep admiration pass and obsession begin? According to S. Jack Rachman â€Å"an obsession is an intrusive, repetitive thought, image, or impulse that is unacceptable or unwanted and gives rise to subjective resistance† (2). Furthermore, Andrew Brink states that â€Å"†¦the popular meaning of the term obsession, including the new verb ‘to obsess,’ which means to be persistently preoccupied about something, usually in an unsatisfactory relationship† (195). These similar definitions are important when looking at Humbert’s actions because his actions are perceived by these qualities. First, Brink argues that most people have an obsessional defense, and this defense is brought out of men due to their fear of women. More specifically, this d... Free Essays on Obsessions Of A Pedophile Free Essays on Obsessions Of A Pedophile The relationship between Humbert Humbert and Lolita, is highly undefined. Many readers who have read Lolita find it to be based on â€Å"lust†, while others find Humbert to truly be in â€Å"love† with his Lolita. However, there is evidence that Humbert’s desire for Lolita is based on some obsessive-compulsive behavior which he cannot control, and therefore keeps returning for her. Humbert’s obsessions can be clearly recognized in his behaviors when looked upon in H. R. Beech’s Obsessional States and Andrew Brink’s Obsession and Culture: A Study of Sexual Obsession in Modern Fiction’s perception of what obsession is. Humbert’s obsessional tendencies are displayed in many passages through his descriptive word choices and his over bearing personality, such as when he describes Lolita after returning from camp to be, â€Å"†¦all rose and honey, ressed in her brightest gingham, with a pattern of little red apples,†¦wi th scratches like tiny dotted lines of coagulated rubies, and the ribbed cuffs of her white socks were turned down.† Obsession can be a difficult subject because there is not a finite definition of what obsession really is. Who determines what obsession is? When does deep admiration pass and obsession begin? According to S. Jack Rachman â€Å"an obsession is an intrusive, repetitive thought, image, or impulse that is unacceptable or unwanted and gives rise to subjective resistance† (2). Furthermore, Andrew Brink states that â€Å"†¦the popular meaning of the term obsession, including the new verb ‘to obsess,’ which means to be persistently preoccupied about something, usually in an unsatisfactory relationship† (195). These similar definitions are important when looking at Humbert’s actions because his actions are perceived by these qualities. First, Brink argues that most people have an obsessional defense, and this defense is brought out of men due to their fear of women. More specifically, this d...